Monday, August 12, 2013

Competing Models for Sound: Newton's Cradle vs. Slinky

On Tuesday afternoon (8/6/13) in E1, the class activity was to identify all forms of energy that were present in the morning example of a puck being flung across the floor by a bent back meter stick, as well as state evidence for each type of energy.  A third category was created, called the micro-story, in order to describe what action is occurring at the microscopic level.  This micro-story category was introduced because the class was realizing that both the moving object (puck) and sound were forms of kinetic energy.  They did not point out that thermal energy was also a type of kinetic, but that would have further necessitated this new category.


To fully describe the micro-story, the class was asked to gather at the center of the room and act out each type of energy.  They went through thermal and wind first, as examples.  Right before this episode begins, they are setting up for performing sound energy.  They decided to form two lines (in hindsight, I’m not sure why they formed TWO lines; maybe because one line would not fit in the room?)  As the video begins, they are trying to determine what the particle motion will look like.


The full line pushes to the right to begin with, each person being “hip-checked.”  Barbara asks at 0:14, “Then you go back, right?”  Comments follow, such as “sound bounced off the wall” and “yeah, there was an echo.”  So initial thoughts seem to center on reflection, where a particle moves only when bumped by another one, whether coming from the left or right. 

Lane draws them further into this idea, stating back to them what they are saying at 0:27.  “I know that when you bumped me, I was supposed to move this way.”  Barbara, on the right track, says “and then you go back.”  Which is the comment she made at 0:14.  Mike and John, at 0:40, jump in with their competing model.  Specifically, John describes sound as a Newton’s Cradle.  This seems to be a very compelling argument for many in the group at 0:47, including Barbara.

Cynthia is troubled by this, though.  She softly asks “So how do we know it’s like a Newton’s Cradle” at 1:01.  She gets everyone’s attention at 1:15 and loudly asks this question.

I love this conversation because two competing models of sound present themselves.  One is a linear model, the Newton’s Cradle model, where a particle of air will only move when bumped from one side.  The other model I’ll call the Slinky model, where a particle will go back to its original position, regardless of echoes.  In fact, if you continue to watch the full video, Trevor retrieves a slinky from the class supplies and demonstrates wave pulses.  Both of these are compelling models, but neither of them at this point is backed by true evidence.  I think people are buying into the slinky model because they “know” sound is a wave and that the slinky represents waves.

After the slinky demonstration, Cynthia repeats her question.  She knows she has not received actual evidence; merely a nice demonstrative model.  Finally, some examples are suggested.  The second episode shown here begins with Cynthia asking her question and ending with Trevor describing a high-speed, slow-motion video of water flowing from a garden hose beside a speaker.  I do not find the dialog itself in this video particularly enlightening, but I include it for completeness.  It was fortunate that his class included a skeptic that demanded evidence, and it was fortunate that there WAS evidence.  (Actually, the video was not shown, so technically no evidence was given.)  I feel these videos may be a good reminder to train our students to be skeptics and then to always have the proper evidence ready to be presented.


Full video: E1 130806 1253 T6-1

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