Insights and updates from Interdisciplinary Research Institute in STEM Education (I-RISE) Scholars, directors, and collaborators
Thursday, June 30, 2011
Stop the world...
My favorite quote of the day
EPSRI Congress preparation
Our plan is that each scholar will have one hour of dedicated time - the "Benedikt hour," for example. During your time, your job is to respond to these two prompts:
1. What was significant for you this session?
1a. Show video if possible.
1b. Make sure we know what we should know about YOU to understand why it was significant - your background, your expertise, your interests, your learning curve, etc.
2. Where do you want to go from here, if anywhere?
This could be just a mindset, or perhaps there are specific actions you have in mind such as beginning new research or collaborating with us.
We are really looking forward to it!
What am I learning from teachers?
I want to confess that this is nontrivial for me - it's an attitude I aspire to, but it's not how I was raised. In order to help make this mindset deeper and more automatic for myself I am trying to articulate specifically what physics I have learned from the teachers so far this week.
First of all, they are right about something, which is that they do not give me physics answers that I didn't already have. They do, however, give me questions I didn't have. And if you believe that questions indicate learning, which I do, then I have learned physics from them. Then, sometimes I get the fun of answering those questions; so I wind up with more answers than before, even though the teachers didn't give me the answers. Here are some of the questions the teachers have pushed for me this week.
1. What is energy? Okay, this is not this week, and I learned it with the whole SPU team, but still: Only because I personally was pressed on this over and over by teachers, and only because I was challenged to stop being evasive, I articulated for myself that: Energy is stuff that makes things happen. It is invisible, massless, and can permeate objects. It moves from one place/object to another, without any of it going away or appearing out of nowhere. That's what energy is to me. I didn't know that before.
2. What is force? Many teachers are calling repeatedly for better distinctions between energy and force. Much as I have thought in terms of forces and even studied the teaching and learning of forces, I do not have a succinct conceptual statement of what force is that feels as satisfying to me as my energy statement. Here's what I've got for now: Forces are pushes or pulls. They are interactions between two objects that can (sometimes) cause those objects' motion to change. Forces are different from energy in that forces are not stuff; they are more like arrows. They can appear and disappear, they do not travel from one place to another but rather are associated with specific objects the whole time they are in existence. This still feels too long and messy; I'm working on it. I would not have been working on it had I not been pressured by teachers to do so.
3. What does it mean to say that energy comes in different forms? This is a question that is very much still active for me. Forms seem to me to be categories of evidence for the presence of (or changes in) energy. In this sense they seem conceptually highly useful, since they are the kinds of things we see that tell us that energy is present (or changing). What could be more pedagogically or scientifically significant than the nature of the visible evidence of the invisible stuff? On the other hand, I have not yet met a categorization of energy forms that I like (any normal-length list has forms missing that I care about); I don't know what would constitute a valid basis for categorization or for making up forms that aren't on whatever list you've been handed; and the "kinds of things we see" are tied in with our perceptual and technological capacities, which isn't what I had originally meant to be talking about. K-12 teaching about energy seems to me to be very forms-oriented, so I want to have a clear understanding of forms, and I don't.
4. Might it be possible to have a different, coherent, explanatory model, in which energy is created out of nothing? Today Lisa (UE2) wanted to explore the possibility that when you lift something away from the earth (in her case an elevator), gravitational energy is created in the object. She also had a complete and correct energy story in which energy was conserved, so it wasn't that she lacked understanding, it was that she wanted to explore a possible alternative model. (And I found that I have some sympathy for her intuition, that there is something energy-like created by pulling attracting things apart. can anyone help me with that? does that come from somewhere?) I don't see Lisa as having been merely creative or rebellious; devising and testing alternative models of a phenomenon is critical to science. This really has me thinking. What might that model look like, fleshed out? Would there be anything wrong with it? Would it be equivalent to some other model - would it make energy more like some other physics quantity? I think that my own model for energy is only as strong as the alternative models that it's better than, if you follow the grammar of that.
Maybe I will get a chance to share some of this with them. Unfortunately I think it might be surprising for them to learn that I am learning anything from them (other than how ignorant they supposedly are), and maybe having examples would help.
Benefit of struggling through a question
At the beginning of class today Lezlie asked the group about strategies they were finding in the class that support learning. After group discussion the teachers came back to discuss all together. Adria comments on the advantages of working through a question to get to the answer. It was a long process yesterday to finally come to an understanding about why heat goes from hot to cold, but now she says that she will never forget it after the very long and involved discussion yesterday.
(Don't have video yet, but the episode will be on the video of Table 4 towards the start of class)
Most of the teachers in the class seem always to want to just be told the answer (which makes sense because they are curious and want to know!) but maybe after a few of these experiences of working through to the answer the hard way without simply being told they will start to see --like Adria-- the benefits to the struggle.
Do we need different forms of energy?
Although everyone seemed to agree on this representation, it didn't seem that everyone thought of chemical energy as energy that is stored. Heather kept going back to the idea of WHEN and WHERE the chemical energy was and kept mentioning the idea of the interaction of substances as the cause(?) of chemical energy. (I need to get video from this morning and I will make an episode... If I'm allowed to make an episode of Heather?). At one point she specifically asked if we could just have two kind of chemical energy: active chemical energy and potential chemical energy. (Sam talks about this idea in her post about yesterday). Almost immediately someone pointed out that by definition chemical energy is always potential and that once it's "active" it has transformed into another form of energy.
At this point Heather seemed to have a very interesting idea. She wanted to know why we had different forms of energy in the first place.
"We are just classifying. But what is the overall? What is the pure thing? What is energy?"This idea stood out to me because I went through the same thought process yesterday! It will be interesting now to see where Heather's thinking goes next (it will be interesting to see where my thinking goes next). Will she see the utility in having different forms of energy so we can more easily talk about energy? Will she begin to think energy isn't even a real thing? Will she continue on this line of what is the "pure" thing behind it all?
Forms of energy Part 5 - Types of Chemical Energy
Vacuums and Moving Ropes
- Focus only apparently relevant stuff, "Barb - Do they have anything to do with it? I'm just..."
- Start simple, "...obviously we can add in once we get good at it, all the other things."
- Analogy to a simpler system, "Brian - Sitting in a vaccuum"
- Need for completeness, "Bill - Everything is connected (circular motion with hands)."
- External constraint, "Bill - Then my only question is that when we say it is room temperature water"
What does a PhD mean?
episode: UE2 Wed AM 6/29/11 about 11:00am
Later in the conversation I said what a PhD means to me: documentation that you can sustain an original inquiry into a specific, thus narrow (and actually increasingly narrow as you go) question. I see it as being a lot more like what they might do in this class (studying the energetics of a plucked guitar string, for example) than like assembling a giant compendium of comprehensive knowledge (like the Benchmarks). On reflection I also think a giant significance of a PhD is that it symbolizes full entrance into a particular disciplinary community/culture/class.
What does a PhD mean to you?
Forms of Energy Part 4 - Types of Motion Energy
On Wednesday afternoon, they worked on doing energy theater for a seed growing. Our group got completely hung up on whether growth is motion energy. Here is Bill bringing up the question:
Sadly, his fantastic gestures are mostly hidden behind Brian's hands.
Although it sounds like it's resolved at the end of this two minutes, the conversation actually continues for another 20 minutes and then the issue continues to come up throughout the rest of the day. They are paralyzed by it, and avoid doing energy theater of anything past germination in order to avoid the issue. In later discussion, it seems like the other teachers don't really get Bill's objection. The way I see it is, his concern is that growth is about expansion rather than translation or even vibration. But others seem to think his concern is about growth happening on too long a time scale, or too long a distance scale, or not being powerful enough. Brian tries to convince him it is motion by talking about his hedge growing through a chain link fence - surely if it is powerful enough to bust through a chain link fence it must be motion. But Bill is unconvinced because this really doesn't get at his concern.
Questions indicate learning
The above was in response to Hunter having asked them to reflect on what they learned from the Energy Theater scenarios they watched yesterday, one of which was about sound. Margaret was not sure whether they were supposed to write "what they learned," or "what it made them think about." Hunter asked what the difference was, and Margaret said, "When I have learned something, I have no further questions about it. You don't ask questions about things you know." Elyse said, "But when you learn something you have an understanding, and from that understanding you ask more questions." Ohhh, so beautiful. Hunter said to become more aware of what you don't know is major intellectual progress, and that he did not hope for their questions to cease as they learned more and more; he hoped for them to exponentiate. He remembers a hokey poster in his third grade English class that said something like, "The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shore of wonder." Here is the first part of that:
Elyse added something about how once kids have a chance to experience something in a way that gives them ownership, they are able to ask more questions. She seemed to be adding an identity/agency component to the proliferation of questions, which I think is right on.
Brian NEEDS to know why
Here is the clip of Brian's question and the class's response.
Brian's question, directly mostly at Eleanor but also to the entire class, then sparked a discussion that lasted for the next half hour (approximately from 23:20 to 57:10 on movie UE1 110629 1144 T4.mp4). The entire class (or at least several active participants) actively worked through different ideas to come to an end conclusion. I thought this process as a whole was really cool because they had been saying the whole time that they wanted answers and here they got an answer, but they got it for themselves by working through the tough ideas together.
The first section of the discussion was somewhat of a random collection of different ideas being thrown out on the table trying to figure out how to approach Brian's question. Joan throws out her intuitive idea, claiming that when she as a person is too hot she just wants to spread out to cool down. Adria then mentions that she's heard the idea that molecules want to spread out to lower concentrations. And Heather brings up a ballistics example where a bullet is shot into gel and transfers all its kinetic energy into heat, waves in the gel, etc. However, Brian is not satisfied by any of these ideas and reiterates WHY hot to cold? At this point Eleanor brings in paper clips to do an experiment with the class that will (supposedly) show that energy moves from hot to cold. She has the class wiggle the paper clips and then put them on the lips to feel the heat. Then wait a few seconds and feel them again to see they've cooled back down. Eleanor explains that they put energy into the paper clip by wiggling it, then that motion energy of the wiggle turned into thermal energy they could feel. Then that thermal energy must have dissipated into the air because the paper clip was no longer warm. This showed that the energy they put IN went OUT to the cooler air. But Brian asked couldn't you also say the coldness of the air went into the paper clip?
And THIS is where it became clear what the issue was. Dorothy helped the class to see that it was equivalent to think of the coldness of the room going into the paper clip and to think of the heat from the paper clip going into the room. It all depends on your point of reference. Scientists have developed the convention that absolute zero exists and anything above that is heat. However, this convention directly contradicts our natural experience (which informs our intuition) because we have a natural point of reference at 98.6 degrees; anything above that feels "hot" and anything below feels "cold." The issue of cold to hot disappears when using the convention because cold doesn't exist in the same way, just less hot. Looking at it from that point of view there is only less hot and more hot. At this point Brian understand where his idea of "coldness" comes from and it finally satisfied with the explanation.
I think this whole progression is extremely interesting because it shows the struggle of the entire class the reconcile their intuition with a scientific convention. Most of the discussion was necessary just to reveal that the issue was a discrepancy in the reference frames being used. The entire time Eleanor and Lezlie were trying to explain the idea of hot to cold using the established convention of absolute zero, while the class was thinking of their natural reference frame at 98.6. Once this difference was realized then it became possible to expose it. Once the class understood the idea that you could pick any reference frame because one was just as valid as any other they became comfortable with the idea of arbitrarily choosing one and sticking with it to be able to communicate consistently about heat motion.
Transfer/transformation
[I'm having trouble uploading video. I will try to add the clips later.]
On the UE1 field trip Monday morning, Barb, Bill and Brian (Table 2) had a discussion about terms being used in the class that they do not really understand. Brian says that he doesn’t know what the difference is between energy transfer and transformation. Bill provides an explanation, but then offers the idea that “transfer and transformation is the same thing.” He does not, however, claim to fully understand this (“I don’t know. That’s why I’m taking the class.”)
Later, in the classroom, Lezlie is at Table 2 and they are talking about terminology and definitions. Bill brings up the conversation they had outside about ‘transfer’ and ‘transform’.
1 Bill: We we one of the conversations we started with when we were outside
2 was the difference between transfer and transformation?
3 ((Lezlie nods))
4 Bill: And you know I was (.) going back to the you know the bus transfer
5 kinda thing (and this ?). But in some ways it's the sa- you know
6 transfer and transformation they're sort of arbi- in some ways they
7 kinda they seem arbitrary labels for something that's happening
8 because (.) it's y- y- you're is it it's as if you're saying you know energy
9 you know like the if y- if you trans- if you're transforming a thing now
10 it's some new kind of energy.
11 Lezlie: Right. So the word form is is important in that. So transform means I'm
12 changing the form. But transfer simply means I'm taking energy from
13 one place and moving it to another place. ((nods head))
14 Barb: So those are two very different terms.
15 Bill: Presuming that we can do that.
16 Brian: Yeah I was gonna say, how do you do that.
17 Lezlie: How do you transfer energy [from a place to another?=
18 Brian: [Yeah. =Yeah.
19 Brian: I mean
20 Lezlie: Ah that's a good question.
21 Brian: Because in my understanding of (.) you know different forms of energy
22 just to take a real basic example um ((pause))
23 Lezlie: Well sometimes [you can transfer and transform at the same time.
24 Brian: [Well ((laughs))
25 Yeah yeah.
26 Lezlie: But sometimes I can transfer and it remains the same form.
27 Brian: How how
28 Lezlie: So:
29 Brian: Give me an example of that.
30 Lezlie: Sure. Um let's um uh let's take a um a hot lasagna pan out of the oven?
31 [and stick it=
32 Brian: [mm hm
33 Lezlie: =on top of my counter.
34 Brian: Okay.
35 Lezlie: What do you notice about the counter when I pick it back up.
36 Brian: It's hot.
37 Lezlie: Okay.
38 Brian: Yep.
39 Lezlie: So I can say that I transfered heat energy from
40 Brian: From the pan to the counter. Okay.
41 Lezlie: Okay.
42 Brian: Okay. (.) All right.
Having witnessed the earlier conversation Bill directly references in line 1, I heard Bill to be once again calling into question the distinction between transfer and transformation. However, the many false starts and restarts in this utterance may make it difficult for Lezlie to parse, and her response does not reflect that understanding. Rather she seems to affirm precisely what Bill was calling into question with “it’s as if you’re saying” in line 8: that energy changes from one form to another. Bill and Brian challenge her about this at first, but then appear to be satisfied with the answer she gives and they move on. But I wonder if this issue is resolved for Bill (or the others in the group) or if it will come up again. I don’t have a firm grasp of what Bill means when he says “it’s just energy and there’s no difference between transfer and transformation,” but one possibility is that the nature of the objects between which energy is being transferred determines the way in which energy manifests itself in a process, and therefore transformation would be reducible to transfer. (Does that make sense?)
Rigor vs. Expression
- wiggling the ropes at different speeds to show that water in transferring heat or cooling off (Debra)
- carrying a rope loop across the room to show wind energy and possibly seed dispersal (Christine)
- changing the speed of a fanning oneself as a sign for thermal energy to show that the thermal energy is decreasing (Megan and others)
- keeping a rope fixed in place to show that room temperature is not changing (Christine)
- shooting hand outward without participant moving to show sun energy leaving the sun and pulling hands inward to show sun energy arriving at a seed (Megan)
Wednesday, June 29, 2011
The curious case of Margaret (and Lisa)
(...) these teachers seem to feel that they are acting and making stuff up and that this is not the real world. The questions at the end of some of the teachers' statements may even suggest a lack of confidence and a deference to authority.
Theater resources
When the data becomes editable, I'll create the clip -- all I can do now is watch it (because of the file conversion problem we're having), but that's still fun. You can watch it too by going onto the server: It's UE2 110629 0828 T7, 22:50-25:30. I especially like his action for "closing a discussion" at 24:35: arms outstretched, brings arms together and closes pair of fists, "zzzhhhh-kom!"
Forms of Energy Part 3 - discussion of names and separation
Regarding names, teachers kept asking what the "scientific" names were, which names they should use, and whether it was OK for their kids to use certain names. There was definitely a sense of deferring to authority: they wanted Eleanor to give them the ANSWER. Someone asked about the term mechanical energy, and Eleanor said that she doesn't find it useful and it's not in the standards. In response, one teacher talked about having to "sanitize" otherwise good curriculum that used that word. Most of this discussion was definitely in the realm of my category 1 - categorical.
Then they got into a great discussion about whether sound energy was the same or different from motion energy. There seem to be two threads of argument here: one about whether you can actually hear the sound - if it's too quiet to detect is it still sound energy? - which they resolve quickly (category 2 - evidence), and another about whether there is anything to sound other than the motion of molecules (category 3 - mechanism). Heather says to resolve this, they would need to find out whether sound travels in a vacuum. If it does, then sound energy is a different kind of energy than motion, because it can exist independently of the motion of air molecules. If not, it's not. Eleanor offers to set up the experiment during the coffee break, but then it turns out that the vacuum pump is broken, so she shows them a youtube video instead, demonstrating that if you put a bell in a bell jar and pump all the air out, you can't hear it anymore. After seeing this, at first most people want to say that sound energy is not a distinct form of energy, but after a long discussion with many meandering tangents, a discussion of how the air molecules are vibrating rather than actually going anywhere (category 3 - mechanism), and lots of discussion about the distinction between energy and objects, they conclude that the question of what's a separate category and what's not is really complicated!
UE2 - Teachers' Energy Framework (06/27/11)

- They repeated Hunter's questions to each other, decided on whether they were valuable or not, and, if they were, proceeded to write them down on the board. Once they had covered all of his questions, they started asking more detailed questions, like "Where did the energy come from?", or "What evidence do we have of either of the above questions?"
- The conversation about the EF was put on hold on hold for a while, and they started talking about how, and when, Energy was taught in their schools, and the amount of resources available for them to teach it (kits, lesson plans, activities).
- After they all went around the table explaining how things were done in their schools, they came back to the energy question they had written down and revised them, adding some more questions.
Forms of Energy Part 2 - why don't we already have a name for this stuff?
Then he asked me another question that really got me thinking: Why don't physicists have a name for phase energy? How have we managed to get by for all these centuries without naming it?
My guess is that it's because we normally talk about phase changes in the context of thermodynamics, where thinking about forms of energy is just not part of the model.
I recently read a pair of papers about the relationship of forms of energy and thermodynamics:
Kaper, W.H. and M.J. Goedhart (2002), "'Forms of energy', an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics? Part I". International Journal of Research in Science Education 24 (1), 81-95.Apparently in the 80's the British Department of Science and Education decided that school kids shouldn't learn about forms of energy at all because this language is technically incorrect in all sorts of ways (e.g. you can't really separate spring energy from thermal energy once the spring is deformed), and it is subsumed by thermodynamics, which is more technically correct. These papers address the question of whether it might be OK to introduce forms of energy as an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics in the same way as we introduce classical mechanics as a lead-up to quantum mechanics even though it's technically not right.
Kaper, W.H. and M.J. Goedhart (2002), "'Forms of energy', an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics? Part II". International Journal of Research in Science Education 24 (2), 119-137.
Never mind that teaching school kids thermodynamics instead of forms of energy sounds completely insane in the same way that it would be insane to teach them quantum field theory instead of Newtonian mechanics. Aside from that, it seems to me that thermodynamics is just inadequate to describe things like balls rolling down hills and compressing springs (which is why physicists don't use it for this), because it doesn't make enough distinctions. Thermodynamics doesn't use forms of energy, not because we don't need them anymore once we've learned thermodynamics, because it only deals with a narrow range of situations where making all these distinctions isn't as relevant.
But maybe these distinctions actually are relevant. Thermodynamics textbooks always talk about refrigerators and Carnot cycles, but I've never met a physicist who felt that they actually understood how a refrigerator works. That is, until we started working on it. I felt that I understood a refrigerator for the first time when I saw Hunter's FFPERPS/FFPER talk in which he broke it down in terms of forms of energy, including phase energy. And I know I'm not the only one who had this reaction. Introducing phase energy provides a new window into what's actually going on in a refrigerator, even for those of us with PhDs in physics. It separates things that have been blurred together in our minds. It clarifies mechanism. It satisfies us in a way that our previous treatment can't.
So I want to make the argument that there is pedagogical value to introducing forms of energy into areas that we have previously treated only with thermodynamics, not just because inventing new terms is what scientists do and students should be able to do it too, but because these new terms actually help us to make distinctions that we were not able to make before.
Should this be the thesis of our phase energy PERC paper?
Tuesday, June 28, 2011
We'll make something up
Forms of energy - part 1 of many
We've been working for a while on writing a paper about teachers negotiating novel forms of energy (like phase energy). We know we've got some good stuff, but have been having trouble articulating our thesis. At the FFPER conference in Maine a couple weeks ago, Warren presented a poster on this topic and we got some great feedback from conference participants. Based on that, on the plane ride home, Rachel, Hunter, and I came up with something the following: People use at least three different epistemological frames when talking about forms of energy:
1) categorical - what general kind of a thing is this form about? e.g. thermal energy is the kind of energy that has to do with heat and temperature.
2) evidence-based - what is the evidence that we can actually observe that this form of energy is present? e.g. there's thermal energy because it's hot.
3) mechanism-based - what is physically happening in the system that is indicated by this form of energy, whether you can observe it or not? e.g. thermal energy means the molecules are moving faster.
We have observed that people tend to use these three frames at different times in conversation for different purposes, and we suspect that each is important, and that it's important to know which frame your students are in at any given moment so as to focus on the right thing in their conversation and not derail them by trying to help them correct something they've said "wrong" or missed because it's just not part of the frame they're in. We suspect that knowing about these frames could greatly improve formative assessment around forms of energy.
We have video data from a group of secondary teachers last summer inventing the term "phase energy" to describe the kind of energy that a gas has that a liquid doesn't. Early in the conversation, they use the term "thermal energy" to describe it. I get the sense that they know this term is wrong, but they use it as a placeholder, because they're focusing on mechanism (category 3), not names (category 1). Later in the conversation, after they've worked out the mechanism, they discuss what to name it, and there is no discussion of mechanism because they've worked it all out. It would be easy to look at the first discussion and say, "They're using the term thermal energy wrong, we need to correct them," but doing so would have derailed them from their productive conversation about mechanism. And it would be easy to look at the second discussion and say, "They're not talking about mechanism, just throwing out names!" without realizing that they've already talked about mechanism and that isn't the goal of this discussion anymore.
I think we've already seen lots so far this week to support these arguments, but will blog about that tomorrow.
Answering a question
(I'll transcribe it tomorrow if I get a chance.)
Here is what was especially striking to me: Margaret asked Hunter a direct question, and Hunter
1. asked if she wanted him to answer her question
2. when she said yes, answered it.
This is not how I was raised, you know? But it felt sooo right. It felt respectful and normal and actually urgent, that he should do that. I noticed it strongly in the moment. And it didn't cut off her learning; far from it; she has more questions at the end than she did at the beginning, but they are different questions. The hope is that she sees Hunter as being on her side, rather than evading her.
In On Becoming a Person, Carl Rogers speaks explicitly about the resources that a teacher should make available to students. One of these resources is the teacher's own expertise:
He would want them to know that his own way of thinking about the field, and of organizing it, was available to them, even in lecture form, if they wished. Yet again he would want this to be perceived as an offer, which could as readily be refused as accepted.I'm guessing this was the offer that Hunter was trying to make.
Ropes course
Hunter: Imagine yourself never having seen Energy Theater before, that video is supposed to give you a sense of, if Energy Theater were happening, what would it look like.
Joe: It's got a ropes course leadership kind of element to it.
Hunter: Why is that?
Joe: Just like, the teamwork piece.
(Akbar?): The trust
Joe: It sounds a lot like people doing a ropes course -- "No wait you're supposed to stop hold on you get back over there bu-" Just, how to communicate amongst a group of people who all have something to say.
ffmpeg: Convert .MTS files
And that's why it's so geeky: It only runs on the command line. This will be really handy once we have a gazillion videos in a complex folder structure, and we want to convert all the videos in one run, using a shell script (yes, nerdy, but makes things SOO much easier...). Right now, it's a little bit of a PITA because it takes some getting used to the command line.
The good news: I already found a shell script that deals with the nasty command line interface of ffmpeg, so it's rather easy to do the conversion after a little introduction to the terminal. The bad news: the conversion seems to take a pretty long time. I'm currently converting video from yesterday (MPSP Summer Academy in Maine), and after about 2 hours, I have converted 20 minutes. I hope that on newer computers, this takes less long.
For the procedure, two files are needed, the "ffmpeg" binary and the "hdffxvrt" shell script. I can't upload those files here, so please email me if you would like to have them.
Here come the directions for the (somewhat automated) conversion:
First of all, you have to install a little program to your computer.
1. Save the attached files to your Desktop folder.
2. Open the Terminal app: Applications -> Utilities -> Terminal (terribly sorry for this, it gets geeky from here...)
3. Type in "cd Desktop" and then hit enter to change into the Desktop folder.
4. Type in "sudo cp ffmpeg /usr/local/bin" and hit enter.
5. Type in your password, followed by enter.
6. Type in "sudo chown root:wheel /usr/local/bin/ffmpeg" and hit enter.
7. Type in "sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/ffmpeg" and hit enter.
Now that the conversion program is installed, you can use the attached script to convert the .mts files. Here is how.
1. It's probably easiest to put all the files from one morning/afternoon/day into one folder, before you start the conversion.
2. Copy the file "hdffxvrt" into the same folder as the files that you would like to convert.
3. In the terminal, change into this folder using the "cd" command, e.g. "cd /Volumes/ExtHD/FolderWithVideoData" for an external hard drive that is called "ExtHD" and the data folder "FolderWithVideoData."
4. Run the script by typing "sh hdffxvrt *.mts" and hit enter. This will convert all the .mts files in the current folder into .mov files in the same folder.
5. After all the files in this folder are converted, you can delete the file "hdffxvrt" in this folder.
A few hours later (hopefully), you will have a bunch of nice QuickTime-readable .mov files in 1280x720. If you would like to have it in a different format, size, etc., you can use Handbrake for the subsequent conversion (or edit the shell script accordingly to save a step ;-) ).
Movist: Playing back .MTS files
I will keep looking for a way to convert the .MTS files to .mp4 files, and post here as soon as I've found something.
Monday, June 27, 2011
Teacher-scholar relationships
It was very easy, as part of the ensuing large-group discussion, to have a similar transparency with the whole class -- to show them where the cameras are, explain why we wear headphones, describe what we're writing on our laptops and why, that kind of thing. I feel like we gave them the opportunity to be understanding of us, to pitch in with us in our own learning, to be curious about what we do. Krishna and Hunter and I were all offering our perspective on the research, and we probably talked too much; but it felt like a sort of "overgiving," if anything, which after last year is probably erring in the better direction. If they shortly decide that they've heard enough from us already and want to get back to their own work, so much the better.
Day 1 - Joan/Christine and Differences between fieldnotes and content log
Today is the first day of EPSRI and my first day back at SPU since last spring when I did my internship with the Energy Project. The big difference between what I’m doing now and what I did a year ago is that now everything is live. The teachers here than I am observing are really here, right in front of me, in live time. So in addition to me observing and reacting to them, they also can observe and react to me. I am no longer an invisible eye reviewing video taken at another time. The other difference that comes along with real time videotaping is that I am no longer able to stop and rewind. Things happen and keep on happening without waiting for me to catch up. Because of this taking field notes is slightly different and more difficult than the content logging I was doing last year. I think I will get better at knowing what sorts of things to write down in the fieldnotes, and, maybe more importantly, what things to leave out. Today I mostly tried to write down the dialogue I was hearing between the two teachers at the table I was observing, and occasionally I would jot down a note about their behavior. Tomorrow I want to try writing down less word-for-word dialogue (except when something particularly noteworthy is said) and try to focus more on summarizing what they’re saying – what they appear to want to be saying – and they’re behavior throughout the conversation. I also want to record more observations on my part as to what is going on in the room. I’ve now looked over the google doc with everyone else’s fieldnotes from the day, so now having taken a morning’s worth of notes of my own and comparing how I did it to how others did it I think I’m more informed to improve my notes tomorrow.
Another interesting aspect of the morning was tracking how the teachers felt about the microphone, the camera, and us videographers in the back pounding away on the keyboard. I was listening to Joan’s microphone and it seemed like she would go in and out of knowing that she was being listened to. Especially toward the beginning of the class she seemed to look over at me a few times and wonder what exactly I was typing. I think this was also caused because I was doing a whole lot of looking at her. I tried to look at her less and focus mostly on what I was hearing in the headphones while just checking back to the table every few seconds rather than a constant stare as I typed. I think Joan also got more comfortable throughout the morning with the idea of being observed (or else she just forgot).
One part of the morning that particularly stood out was the fieldtrip outside. At first Siri and I weren’t exactly sure if we were supposed to follow the teachers outside and continue filming. Eleanor prompted us to follow them out, so we picked up the cameras and went on foot. At first I couldn’t even find where my group had gone, but soon I saw them over by the parking lot. Unfortunately I didn’t realize that I could bring the headphones out with me, so I couldn’t really hear what they were saying, but the camera should still have been picking up the sound from the remote microphone. I should be able to go back later once the video is uploaded and watch the section again to hear the audio. There was a little bit of awkwardness (at least from my perspective) in filming them outside. I wasn’t exactly sure where to stand; I didn’t want to be intrusive, but I also didn’t want to be completely hidden. I ended up standing behind them and a little bit to the side. I don’t think they were expecting to be followed outside by the camera and I don’t know if Christine even knew I was there. Joan could see me with the camera since she was turned half way towards me most of the time. I tried to just stand quietly and hold the camera still, but it was a much different feeling than sitting in the back of the classroom with the camera sitting alone on the table. I suddenly seemed to have much more responsibility (or control) over the fact that they were being recorded, and that made me feel more awkward even though I could no longer hear their conversation so I really wasn’t intruding as much. After several minutes Joan and Christine decided they wanted to go back inside to begin to compile and make sense of everything they had seen outside. When they turned around to go back in Christine jumped a little (which is why I think she didn’t know I was filming), but I just tried to smile, say hi, and follow them back in. Christine did hold the door for me, so once she knew I was there she did seem at least partly comfortable with my being there. Back inside they returned to their table so I was able to set the camera back up, put on the headphones, and continue taking notes. Now that I could hear their conversation again and was a bit farther away in the back of the room I felt more comfortable again and I think they did too.
No other groups returned back to the room for a while. They used the whiteboard to “scribble,” as Christine called it, and get all their ideas out and where they could see them. Throughout the morning Christine kept referring to strategies like this that she wanted her students to use (such as having a title, writing your name, etc.). They discussed all the kinds of energy they saw outside and the different systems of transformation that energy takes. They focused in on the food chain and weather (or the water cycle) as two chains of transformation that energy takes. They tried to trace the track of energy from sun to wherever it ends (note: both these concepts of “beginning” and “end” of the story of energy came up later in the whole class discussion). Joan and Christine considered the “starting point” of energy to be from the sun and determined that there is light energy and heat energy from that source. They started their process of the food chain by describing the sun’s emission of light energy, leading to photosynthesis where light energy transforms into chemical energy. This chemical energy is then converted into kinetic energy and other forms when an animal or person eats that plant. Then when the animal or person dies their bodies decompose and they decided the energy is then used in the form of fossil fuels to run things such as cars.
They then discussed the water cycle and how the energy from the sun affects weather. They had a long discussion about the process of how water evaporates, forms clouds, rains and repeats, and also energy's role in that process. However, when they designed their final whiteboard they only included a short note that heat energy from the sun determines the weather, whereas they wrote up a full description of the food chain energy process.
Stepping back to the big picture again, another thing that stood out a few times today was humor. Both humorous things and the actual abstract idea of humor were brought up several times throughout the morning. There were specific people (as is usual in a group environment) who seemed more drawn to humor than others, especially Brian, but everyone seemed to appreciate a little laugh now and then. At table 3, which I was observing, Christine seemed to laugh a lot in little spurts, perhaps to deflect any awkwardness that comes from collaborating with someone you've never met before.
In general Christine was very focused on making the whiteboards very pretty and official. She seemed to enjoy writing on the whiteboard and making it look nice. She kept making comments about how students use whiteboards which suggests to me that she was really putting herself in the shoes of students she has taught.
Both Christine and Joan seemed equally willing to participate and contribute to their conversations. Often Christine would take on the role of scribe, while Joan would look on and approve (or not) of what she recorded. Joan almost always seemed to approve of what Christine wrote, but occasionally she had a different suggestion and would gently tell Christine as much. Joan seemed to take a little more of a leadership role in the talking, while Christine did so in the writing, but they did seem to keep their jobs fairly balanced between them. It will be interesting to see what the table layouts are tomorrow and how they will interact if they are sitting with other people.
Another discussion of note that Joan and Christine had was about looking at the big picture versus picking a specific focus. At the beginning of class when they were asked to pick a snippet of the Wallace and Grommet video and draw the energy story Joan and Christine didn't pick a specific moment but instead mapped out the bigger picture of the whole video. They were the last to present their whiteboard and they (at least Joan) noticed that everyone else had picked a much smaller segment to draw out which was different than the approach they had taken. Amongst the two of them they talked about the different advantages to taking a big picture approach versus and more focused approach. Christine pointed out that it's important to have a big picture take-home message that students can walk away with. At the same time it can be very informative to dig deeper into certain areas of that bigger picture to develop a better understanding overall. Both Christine and Joan identified themselves as learners that work from the big idea down to the small and this learning strategy was apparent in at least some of their discussions (particularly their discussion about the food chain and water cycle).
Now it's time for the meeting! More tomorrow.