Thursday, June 30, 2011

Stop the world...

This morning when I was recording field notes in UE1 I found myself hitting the tab key in order to pause the flow of visual and auditory information that I was perceiving so that I could figure out what I wanted to say about it before moving on. It didn't work. The scene around me continued to unfold as I sat and struggled for words and I had to make the choice between missing what was happening now or giving up on writing down what I had just seen.

The kind of real-time collaborative note-taking that we are doing is new to me. Usually when I take field notes they are very minimal--noting who is present, the nature of the activity in very broad terms (e.g., lunch, gardening, book-reading), times, and anything I notice that I think I will want to remember later--especially if I am not sure it is well captured by the camera. But I am specifically not counting on my field notes to capture what is going to be interesting to me in the video data--rather, I know I (or someone) will watch the video later, log the content, and tag moments of interest for close transcription and analysis. This is time-consuming, though, and there's a lot to be said for generating something like a content log--the kind of documentation that will be useful for identifying segments--while the video is being recorded. It is clearly valuable for this kind of event, in which we are trying to do as much as we can together in the short time that we have. So I think that I have been trying to do something like I do when I am taking field notes during this workshop. This is not quite possible in real-time, which leads to futile efforts to stop time with my left pinky finger.

I haven't done an exhaustive comparison, but there seem to be some interesting differences in the ways that videographers on the team are doing field notes. These differences may be lessening over time, which I guess is what you would expect. I come from a tradition in which a basic assumption is that anything that human beings do is potentially worthy of analysis. I also know that it is virtually impossible for an observer to detect everything that is possibly significant by viewing an event once, in real-time. Those two premises motivate me to try to document everything I can in the field notes. On the other hand, even though all human activity is potentially researchable, the particular researchers here (including myself) have interests that will lead them to seek certain kinds of episodes instead of others. Given the limitations of what one can actually possible notice and record in real-time, it would seem that the best use of field notes is to try to focus in on phenomena that seem relevant to the research goals of the investigators and tag them in ways that will be findable later on. Strangely, though, while limiting oneself in that way would seem to make writing field notes easier, I find it difficult. Though I know I do not catch (anywhere close to) everything, once I have noticed something it is hard to disregard and not record it--deciding whether or not to record it is a cognitive step that takes more time than I have in this situation.

More later on field notes, content logs, and transcription.

My favorite quote of the day

Barb: "I almost didn't take this class because I went, '8:30 to 3:30 listening to a lecture on physics? That sounds terrible!'"

EPSRI Congress preparation

This is the first year that the EPSRI will include an EPSRI Congress after the session of observation/reflection/research. The reason we added the Congress to the session is that the Energy Project team wanted more opportunity to learn from the Scholars, and we thought the Scholars might find it valuable to synthesize the experience.

Our plan is that each scholar will have one hour of dedicated time - the "Benedikt hour," for example. During your time, your job is to respond to these two prompts:

1. What was significant for you this session?
1a. Show video if possible.
1b. Make sure we know what we should know about YOU to understand why it was significant - your background, your expertise, your interests, your learning curve, etc.

2. Where do you want to go from here, if anywhere?
This could be just a mindset, or perhaps there are specific actions you have in mind such as beginning new research or collaborating with us.

We are really looking forward to it!

What am I learning from teachers?

Some of the teachers in UE2 seem to think of us physics PhDs as repositories of knowledge and of themselves as ignorant.  I think it's safe to say that typical professional development reinforces this conceptualization:  the attitude from university people toward teachers is, "We know what you need to know."  (That's what I had experienced before coming here, and I've heard teachers say that is their experience.)  Our hope is that the professional development offered here does not take that attitude.  I am trying to cultivate the attitude in myself that they know what we need to know.

I want to confess that this is nontrivial for me - it's an attitude I aspire to, but it's not how I was raised.  In order to help make this mindset deeper and more automatic for myself I am trying to articulate specifically what physics I have learned from the teachers so far this week.

First of all, they are right about something, which is that they do not give me physics answers that I didn't already have.  They do, however, give me questions I didn't have.  And if you believe that questions indicate learning, which I do, then I have learned physics from them.  Then, sometimes I get the fun of answering those questions; so I wind up with more answers than before, even though the teachers didn't give me the answers. Here are some of the questions the teachers have pushed for me this week.

1. What is energy?  Okay, this is not this week, and I learned it with the whole SPU team, but still:  Only because I personally was pressed on this over and over by teachers, and only because I was challenged to stop being evasive, I articulated for myself that:  Energy is stuff that makes things happen.  It is invisible, massless, and can permeate objects.  It moves from one place/object to another, without any of it going away or appearing out of nowhere.  That's what energy is to me.  I didn't know that before.

2. What is force?  Many teachers are calling repeatedly for better distinctions between energy and force.  Much as I have thought in terms of forces and even studied the teaching and learning of forces, I do not have a succinct conceptual statement of what force is that feels as satisfying to me as my energy statement.  Here's what I've got for now:  Forces are pushes or pulls.  They are interactions between two objects that can (sometimes) cause those objects' motion to change.  Forces are different from energy in that forces are not stuff; they are more like arrows.  They can appear and disappear, they do not travel from one place to another but rather are associated with specific objects the whole time they are in existence.  This still feels too long and messy; I'm working on it.  I would not have been working on it had I not been pressured by teachers to do so.

3. What does it mean to say that energy comes in different forms?  This is a question that is very much still active for me.  Forms seem to me to be categories of evidence for the presence of (or changes in) energy.  In this sense they seem conceptually highly useful, since they are the kinds of things we see that tell us that energy is present (or changing).  What could be more pedagogically or scientifically significant than the nature of the visible evidence of the invisible stuff?  On the other hand, I have not yet met a categorization of energy forms that I like (any normal-length list has forms missing that I care about); I don't know what would constitute a valid basis for categorization or for making up forms that aren't on whatever list you've been handed; and the "kinds of things we see" are tied in with our perceptual and technological capacities, which isn't what I had originally meant to be talking about.  K-12 teaching about energy seems to me to be very forms-oriented, so I want to have a clear understanding of forms, and I don't.

4.  Might it be possible to have a different, coherent, explanatory model, in which energy is created out of nothing?  Today Lisa (UE2) wanted to explore the possibility that when you lift something away from the earth (in her case an elevator), gravitational energy is created in the object.  She also had a complete and correct energy story in which energy was conserved, so it wasn't that she lacked understanding, it was that she wanted to explore a possible alternative model.  (And I found that I have some sympathy for her intuition, that there is something energy-like created by pulling attracting things apart.  can anyone help me with that?  does that come from somewhere?)  I don't see Lisa as having been merely creative or rebellious; devising and testing alternative models of a phenomenon is critical to science.  This really has me thinking.  What might that model look like, fleshed out?  Would there be anything wrong with it?  Would it be equivalent to some other model - would it make energy more like some other physics quantity?  I think that my own model for energy is only as strong as the alternative models that it's better than, if you follow the grammar of that.

Maybe I will get a chance to share some of this with them.  Unfortunately I think it might be surprising for them to learn that I am learning anything from them (other than how ignorant they supposedly are), and maybe having examples would help.

Benefit of struggling through a question

Just a short note to follow up on yesterday's long discussion about heat movement I posted about this morning:

At the beginning of class today Lezlie asked the group about strategies they were finding in the class that support learning. After group discussion the teachers came back to discuss all together. Adria comments on the advantages of working through a question to get to the answer. It was a long process yesterday to finally come to an understanding about why heat goes from hot to cold, but now she says that she will never forget it after the very long and involved discussion yesterday.

(Don't have video yet, but the episode will be on the video of Table 4 towards the start of class)

Most of the teachers in the class seem always to want to just be told the answer (which makes sense because they are curious and want to know!) but maybe after a few of these experiences of working through to the answer the hard way without simply being told they will start to see --like Adria-- the benefits to the struggle.

Do we need different forms of energy?

Today UE1 had a long discussion about chemical energy. The discussion became very general so Eleanor suggested they take a more specific example to work with: gasoline on fire. After discussing in small groups how they would represent this scenario in energy theatre the groups compared answers. Everyone seemed to be on the same page that the gasoline had chemical energy to start with and that when it came in contact with the heat energy of a lit match that a reaction took place which transformed chemical energy into light and thermal energy.

Although everyone seemed to agree on this representation, it didn't seem that everyone thought of chemical energy as energy that is stored. Heather kept going back to the idea of WHEN and WHERE the chemical energy was and kept mentioning the idea of the interaction of substances as the cause(?) of chemical energy. (I need to get video from this morning and I will make an episode... If I'm allowed to make an episode of Heather?). At one point she specifically asked if we could just have two kind of chemical energy: active chemical energy and potential chemical energy. (Sam talks about this idea in her post about yesterday). Almost immediately someone pointed out that by definition chemical energy is always potential and that once it's "active" it has transformed into another form of energy.

At this point Heather seemed to have a very interesting idea. She wanted to know why we had different forms of energy in the first place.
"We are just classifying. But what is the overall? What is the pure thing? What is energy?"
This idea stood out to me because I went through the same thought process yesterday! It will be interesting now to see where Heather's thinking goes next (it will be interesting to see where my thinking goes next). Will she see the utility in having different forms of energy so we can more easily talk about energy? Will she begin to think energy isn't even a real thing? Will she continue on this line of what is the "pure" thing behind it all?

Forms of energy Part 5 - Types of Chemical Energy

Another cool thing that happened in the discussion of the germinating plant: They decided they needed two different types of chemical energy. Chemical energy that is being stored - indicated by putting your hand to your mouth and holding it still, and chemical energy that is being used - indicated by putting your hand to your mouth and moving it back and forth like you're eating. I don't understand exactly why they needed these two to be separate. But I think it had something to do with their concern about how things can use chemical energy when they're not receiving any energy: e.g. a runner running while not eating, or a plant growing while still underground.

Vacuums and Moving Ropes

I just spent about three hours transcribing this 5 minute segment and reviewed it in order to recognize how much I had missed but I am going to forge ahead anyway. I have to say that the experience of transcribing was a very powerful learning experience for me. It is really amazing how much is going on in this 5 minutes of video and how little of it I understand. Broadly speaking these participants are negotiating the physical scenario as well as both a whiteboard representation and an ET representation in order to enact their second energy theater.

Blogger doesn't want to upload video yet:

This clip shows participants wrestling with decisions that they will have to make in order to construct a representation. The are confronted with a context in which some of the decisions about their representations are totally up to them and other decisions are not flexible.

Lezlie explicitly empowers them to take ownership and poetic license of their representation:

"You can choose to ignore whatever you are choosing to ignore. You have that liberty to take so if you want to say, 'I think we are just going to stick to the water in the bowl and the bowl and the ice pack."

Two participants immediately pick up on this:

Megan says, "Well an idea would be just do the ice and water right now and then obviously we can add in once we get good at it, all the other things."

Debra raises her hand to speak immediately after Lezlie empowers her to 'take liberty' and then later says, " And then you've got the rope (motions to floor) You could take like you said the one... the heat with the energy... maybe you could have one rope wiggle around and the other rope not moving so much... and then..and then they come together... I mean you put them together in one rope to two ropes and one is wiggling alot and one is not wiggling that much and then slow one down and then they come as equals... I don't know. "

Megan's idea is consistent with a rigorous ET representation and also likely to lead to progress with their representation. Group members provide several justifications for following Megan's approach:
  • Focus only apparently relevant stuff, "Barb - Do they have anything to do with it? I'm just..."
  • Start simple, "...obviously we can add in once we get good at it, all the other things."
  • Analogy to a simpler system, "Brian - Sitting in a vaccuum"
Megan's idea is also challenged in several ways:
  • Need for completeness, "Bill - Everything is connected (circular motion with hands)."
  • External constraint, "Bill - Then my only question is that when we say it is room temperature water"
The group seems to keep holding Megan's idea in tension for the remainder of the episode.

In contrast, Debra's idea is only momentarily taken up by the group. Megan tries to affirm it but gets confused and then Brian comes in with the whiteboard to present a suggested way forward. It is not clear to me whether Christine is building on Debra idea when she suggests that the constant air temperature could be represented by a rope that is not moving. The idea is also in conflict with the rule in energy theater that ropes designate objects.

When Christine makes this proposal Megan immediately shows visible alarm and Lezlie moves close Christine to intervene.

At that point Lezlie directs the conversation toward proportional reasoning about temperature and thermal energy.

To me this video suggests the need for building group consensus about both the representational decisions and the rationale behind those decisions. In the case of Megan's proposal Lezlie tells them that they have the liberty to decide, but that affirmation alone is not satisfying. They need to work out as a group a rationale for making the decision about which objects to include.

In Debra and Christine's case they do not engage the opportunity to rationalize what should and should not be represented by rope motion or lack of it. The idea of using rope motion to represent a variety of things will persist for participants. I think they will need to build a shared consensus of what the rope should and should not represent and a rationale for the consensus. For example, maybe it is OK if moving ropes show moving objects as long as the motion does not represent energy. This could be based on a rationale that ET should always be constrained to show energy conservation.










What does a PhD mean?

Yesterday in UE2, Lisa asked "all of you physics PhDs" if we each have a specialty.  (She was addressing Hunter and Mac and me, and by the way in doing that she was seamlessly bringing videographers into the conversation, which I am really pleased about.)  We explained our specialties, and asked why she wanted to know that.  She said she was realizing that she has been thinking of physics PhDs as, "there is a bucket of knowledge, and  having a PhD means your bucket is full.  Of physics knowledge.  You have all of it." To recognize that we had specialties was to recognize that our knowledge actually had some scope (and thus some limits to its scope).

episode:  UE2 Wed AM 6/29/11 about 11:00am

Later in the conversation I said what a PhD means to me:  documentation that you can sustain an original inquiry into a specific, thus narrow (and actually increasingly narrow as you go) question.  I see it as being a lot more like what they might do in this class (studying the energetics of a plucked guitar string, for example) than like assembling a giant compendium of comprehensive knowledge (like the Benchmarks).  On reflection I also think a giant significance of a PhD is that it symbolizes full entrance into a particular disciplinary community/culture/class.

What does a PhD mean to you?

Forms of Energy Part 4 - Types of Motion Energy

We've had lots of discussion in UE1 about different types of "motion energy" and whether they should all be classified as one type of energy or as different types. I think they first started using the phrase "motion energy" because it was in Eleanor's table on Tuesday afternoon. She said that another term for this is "kinetic energy" and the definition they came up with matched the definition of kinetic energy, but the term motion energy stuck. After the teachers determined that there is no sound without the motion of molecules, they've been tempted to call sound energy motion energy, although they've been bothered by the difference between vibration and translation (my words, not theirs).

On Wednesday afternoon, they worked on doing energy theater for a seed growing. Our group got completely hung up on whether growth is motion energy. Here is Bill bringing up the question:

Sadly, his fantastic gestures are mostly hidden behind Brian's hands.

Although it sounds like it's resolved at the end of this two minutes, the conversation actually continues for another 20 minutes and then the issue continues to come up throughout the rest of the day. They are paralyzed by it, and avoid doing energy theater of anything past germination in order to avoid the issue. In later discussion, it seems like the other teachers don't really get Bill's objection. The way I see it is, his concern is that growth is about expansion rather than translation or even vibration. But others seem to think his concern is about growth happening on too long a time scale, or too long a distance scale, or not being powerful enough. Brian tries to convince him it is motion by talking about his hedge growing through a chain link fence - surely if it is powerful enough to bust through a chain link fence it must be motion. But Bill is unconvinced because this really doesn't get at his concern.

Questions indicate learning

Margaret (in UE2) has a million questions.  Hunter answers many of her questions straight out, as I was saying in another post.  I was taught not to do this because it would close down a person's own inquiry, but this is not what happens; every answer she gets seems to multiply her questions, spur her to new flourishings of questions.  She's like some kind of plant that when you touch her a hundred blossoms spray out of that spot.  It's pretty fantastic.



The above was in response to Hunter having asked them to reflect on what they learned from the Energy Theater scenarios they watched yesterday, one of which was about sound.  Margaret was not sure whether they were supposed to write "what they learned," or "what it made them think about."  Hunter asked what the difference was, and Margaret said, "When I have learned something, I have no further questions about it.  You don't ask questions about things you know."  Elyse said, "But when you learn something you have an understanding, and from that understanding you ask more questions."  Ohhh, so beautiful.  Hunter said to become more aware of what you don't know is major intellectual progress, and that he did not hope for their questions to cease as they learned more and more; he hoped for them to exponentiate.  He remembers a hokey poster in his third grade English class that said something like, "The larger the island of knowledge, the longer the shore of wonder."  Here is the first part of that:


Elyse added something about how once kids have a chance to experience something in a way that gives them ownership, they are able to ask more questions.  She seemed to be adding an identity/agency component to the proliferation of questions, which I think is right on.

Brian NEEDS to know why

Yesterday was a very exciting day during the morning in UE1. Throughout the class so far teachers have continually made comments about just wanting answers and feeling frustrated by these activities which leave all their questions hanging. Yesterday Brian officially declared his need for an answer stating "I NEED to know ... why heat moves from hot to cold." After doing the ET about putting an ice pack in water the class established that energy from the surrounding water moves into the ice until their is an equal distribution of thermal energy in the water and the ice pack. But why should the heat move to the cold to warm it up rather than the cold move to the hot to cool it down? This was what Brian NEEDED to know.

Here is the clip of Brian's question and the class's response.



Brian's question, directly mostly at Eleanor but also to the entire class, then sparked a discussion that lasted for the next half hour (approximately from 23:20 to 57:10 on movie UE1 110629 1144 T4.mp4). The entire class (or at least several active participants) actively worked through different ideas to come to an end conclusion. I thought this process as a whole was really cool because they had been saying the whole time that they wanted answers and here they got an answer, but they got it for themselves by working through the tough ideas together.

The first section of the discussion was somewhat of a random collection of different ideas being thrown out on the table trying to figure out how to approach Brian's question. Joan throws out her intuitive idea, claiming that when she as a person is too hot she just wants to spread out to cool down. Adria then mentions that she's heard the idea that molecules want to spread out to lower concentrations. And Heather brings up a ballistics example where a bullet is shot into gel and transfers all its kinetic energy into heat, waves in the gel, etc. However, Brian is not satisfied by any of these ideas and reiterates WHY hot to cold? At this point Eleanor brings in paper clips to do an experiment with the class that will (supposedly) show that energy moves from hot to cold. She has the class wiggle the paper clips and then put them on the lips to feel the heat. Then wait a few seconds and feel them again to see they've cooled back down. Eleanor explains that they put energy into the paper clip by wiggling it, then that motion energy of the wiggle turned into thermal energy they could feel. Then that thermal energy must have dissipated into the air because the paper clip was no longer warm. This showed that the energy they put IN went OUT to the cooler air. But Brian asked couldn't you also say the coldness of the air went into the paper clip?

And THIS is where it became clear what the issue was. Dorothy helped the class to see that it was equivalent to think of the coldness of the room going into the paper clip and to think of the heat from the paper clip going into the room. It all depends on your point of reference. Scientists have developed the convention that absolute zero exists and anything above that is heat. However, this convention directly contradicts our natural experience (which informs our intuition) because we have a natural point of reference at 98.6 degrees; anything above that feels "hot" and anything below feels "cold." The issue of cold to hot disappears when using the convention because cold doesn't exist in the same way, just less hot. Looking at it from that point of view there is only less hot and more hot. At this point Brian understand where his idea of "coldness" comes from and it finally satisfied with the explanation.


I think this whole progression is extremely interesting because it shows the struggle of the entire class the reconcile their intuition with a scientific convention. Most of the discussion was necessary just to reveal that the issue was a discrepancy in the reference frames being used. The entire time Eleanor and Lezlie were trying to explain the idea of hot to cold using the established convention of absolute zero, while the class was thinking of their natural reference frame at 98.6. Once this difference was realized then it became possible to expose it. Once the class understood the idea that you could pick any reference frame because one was just as valid as any other they became comfortable with the idea of arbitrarily choosing one and sticking with it to be able to communicate consistently about heat motion.

Transfer/transformation

[I'm having trouble uploading video. I will try to add the clips later.]

On the UE1 field trip Monday morning, Barb, Bill and Brian (Table 2) had a discussion about terms being used in the class that they do not really understand. Brian says that he doesn’t know what the difference is between energy transfer and transformation. Bill provides an explanation, but then offers the idea that “transfer and transformation is the same thing.” He does not, however, claim to fully understand this (“I don’t know. That’s why I’m taking the class.”)

Later, in the classroom, Lezlie is at Table 2 and they are talking about terminology and definitions. Bill brings up the conversation they had outside about ‘transfer’ and ‘transform’.

1 Bill: We we one of the conversations we started with when we were outside

2 was the difference between transfer and transformation?

3 ((Lezlie nods))

4 Bill: And you know I was (.) going back to the you know the bus transfer

5 kinda thing (and this ?). But in some ways it's the sa- you know

6 transfer and transformation they're sort of arbi- in some ways they

7 kinda they seem arbitrary labels for something that's happening

8 because (.) it's y- y- you're is it it's as if you're saying you know energy

9 you know like the if y- if you trans- if you're transforming a thing now

10 it's some new kind of energy.

11 Lezlie: Right. So the word form is is important in that. So transform means I'm

12 changing the form. But transfer simply means I'm taking energy from

13 one place and moving it to another place. ((nods head))

14 Barb: So those are two very different terms.

15 Bill: Presuming that we can do that.

16 Brian: Yeah I was gonna say, how do you do that.

17 Lezlie: How do you transfer energy [from a place to another?=

18 Brian: [Yeah. =Yeah.

19 Brian: I mean

20 Lezlie: Ah that's a good question.

21 Brian: Because in my understanding of (.) you know different forms of energy

22 just to take a real basic example um ((pause))

23 Lezlie: Well sometimes [you can transfer and transform at the same time.

24 Brian: [Well ((laughs))

25 Yeah yeah.

26 Lezlie: But sometimes I can transfer and it remains the same form.

27 Brian: How how

28 Lezlie: So:

29 Brian: Give me an example of that.

30 Lezlie: Sure. Um let's um uh let's take a um a hot lasagna pan out of the oven?

31 [and stick it=

32 Brian: [mm hm

33 Lezlie: =on top of my counter.

34 Brian: Okay.

35 Lezlie: What do you notice about the counter when I pick it back up.

36 Brian: It's hot.

37 Lezlie: Okay.

38 Brian: Yep.

39 Lezlie: So I can say that I transfered heat energy from

40 Brian: From the pan to the counter. Okay.

41 Lezlie: Okay.

42 Brian: Okay. (.) All right.


Having witnessed the earlier conversation Bill directly references in line 1, I heard Bill to be once again calling into question the distinction between transfer and transformation. However, the many false starts and restarts in this utterance may make it difficult for Lezlie to parse, and her response does not reflect that understanding. Rather she seems to affirm precisely what Bill was calling into question with “it’s as if you’re saying” in line 8: that energy changes from one form to another. Bill and Brian challenge her about this at first, but then appear to be satisfied with the answer she gives and they move on. But I wonder if this issue is resolved for Bill (or the others in the group) or if it will come up again. I don’t have a firm grasp of what Bill means when he says “it’s just energy and there’s no difference between transfer and transformation,” but one possibility is that the nature of the objects between which energy is being transferred determines the way in which energy manifests itself in a process, and therefore transformation would be reducible to transfer. (Does that make sense?)

Rigor vs. Expression

I have seen consistent efforts by participants that I have been observing to be very creative with ET. Examples of this include:
  • wiggling the ropes at different speeds to show that water in transferring heat or cooling off (Debra)

  • carrying a rope loop across the room to show wind energy and possibly seed dispersal (Christine)

  • changing the speed of a fanning oneself as a sign for thermal energy to show that the thermal energy is decreasing (Megan and others)

  • keeping a rope fixed in place to show that room temperature is not changing (Christine)

  • shooting hand outward without participant moving to show sun energy leaving the sun and pulling hands inward to show sun energy arriving at a seed (Megan)
I think that many of the participant view ET as a canvas on which to express different aspects of what the energy is doing. Christine illustrated this attitude very well yesterday afternoon when she went through a long list of all of the ways in which energy was involved in seed germination and plant growth. Next she wanted to brainstorm creative ways in which they could show all of these energy processes. She specifically expressed the idea that by using a moving rope to show the kinetic energy of the wind their group could outperform the other group. For her the rules of ET were constraints on creativity that she was completely unconcerned about.

Christine's attitude is at least partially shared by many other participants. I think that this is a result of the fact that they have been told the rules of ET but don't yet recognize the rationale behind the rules. Yesterday afternoon, Lezlie decided to challenge the groups sending sun energy with hand motions. Several participants asked why they couldn't show it that way and Lezlie responded emphatically that they had to follow the rules. They started using participants to show motion of sun energy but did not raise the question of why it was so important to follow the rules.

It think that there is a subtle, yet profound difference between using a representation to express what you understand about something and using a representation as a reasoning tool. In the former case there is very little need to be rigorous as long as you can, for example, "just tell the other group that we are using our hands to show the motion of sunlight." If you are using a representation as a rigorous tool for working out energy conservation in a physical scenario then it is essential that you follow the ET rules.

While the ET rules certainly does mandate energy conservation this is not necessarily a widely shared perspective among participants. When Eleanor articulated this affordance of ET yesterday afternoon some participant nodded agreement and some seemed to be considering this as a new idea.

Wednesday, June 29, 2011

The curious case of Margaret (and Lisa)

Today (06/29) Rachel and Mac had the (great) vision to set a camera on Table 6 , and observe/listen to what Margaret and Lisa were discussing. This was sort of initiated by Margaret's observation regarding "Phase Energy" and whether or not we should use it in the "Real World" (See Rachel's post from 06/28, titled 'We'll make something up').
What I find striking, and very interesting, is Margaret's attitude to what's happening in the UE2 classroom and her differentiating between being a real scientist and 'pretending' to be one in this special setting. Quoting Mac's post:
(...) these teachers seem to feel that they are acting and making stuff up and that this is not the real world. The questions at the end of some of the teachers' statements may even suggest a lack of confidence and a deference to authority.

(here's the full post: We'll make something up)

So, Margaret seems to fall under the type of teachers Mac is describing above when she seems to question this idea of "making up" terms, since the real scientists have already told what to call phenomenon X, even if the made up term helps her understand X better.
However, there are several instances throughout the day in which Margaret seems to forget how she feels about not using canonical knowledge. All of a sudden she seems to gain confidence in herself, and starts asking really sharp questions, and she won't quit until she feels like she has a pretty good sense of what's really happening.
Here are some examples: (taken from field notes; will make clips and post when vids are ready)

1) Margaret: If a supernova explodes in space does it make a sound? It seems like it would, but does it really?
Joe: There's no air to vibrate
Margaret: But crystal can transmit sound
Joe: But there needs to be molecules
Margaret: So what HAPPENS to the sound in space?! "The space shuttle must have a horn!!" Does the horn create a vibration?

2) Margaret: I didn't realize force played a role in transferring energy.
Lisa: how did we think all these units of energy had been moving around? We could say: these units go from here to there. But we hadn't thought about how they get there?
Margaret: so, what's force?
Lisa: I thought energy were these little balls there.
Margaret: i thought of them as magnetism. But, apart from gravity, what's a force?
(...)
Margaret: acceleration - force is mass times accelration
Lisa: any influence that makes a free body change speed, direction, shape. (reading from the internet)
Margaret: so, looking at those books together --
Lisa: gaining or loosing weight is not a force.

3) Margaret: the heat is causing the free body - water - to change its shape. so, is heat a force? or is it a catalyst for a force? and the force is just the thermal energy?

4) Margaret: Is a single molecule, a solid?

5) Making up "Potential Rotational Energy" when talking about what happens with the pulleys present in the elevator system. (great catch, Krishna!)

And like these examples, many others that I didn't quote or are not on tape. It has to be recognized that Lisa plays a very significant role in these moments, or at least I think so, since she seems to indulge Margaret's intense questioning, and even participates. So, I find it fascinating that the same teacher who was reluctant to use a made up term, and implicitly question scientific knowledge authority, completely switched and began firing these incredible questions about things that most just take for granted. At this point I'm not sure on whether this is the new Margaret, after reflecting on "Phase Energy" and realizing that she does have the power to question whatever she wants, or if it's under certain special circumstances that she feels comfortable to doubt the canon. I guess following her closely in the next couple of days will help me figure this out. Actually, I should go back to her participations from UE1 (Sum '10) and look for a similar pattern. Hmmm...

Theater resources

In UE2 this morning, the teachers were discussing "Energy in Action: The construction of ideas in multiple modes" (E. Close et al).  Scott related especially strongly to the idea of observing physical action in the classroom.  It turns out he has a theater background and uses many of what he understands as theater practices to facilitate interactions among his students.

When the data becomes editable, I'll create the clip -- all I can do now is watch it (because of the file conversion problem we're having), but that's still fun.  You can watch it too by going onto the server:  It's UE2 110629 0828 T7, 22:50-25:30.  I especially like his action for "closing a discussion" at 24:35:  arms outstretched, brings arms together and closes pair of fists, "zzzhhhh-kom!"

Forms of Energy Part 3 - discussion of names and separation

On Tuesday afternoon Eleanor had the class (as a large group) fill in a table about forms of energy. One column had forms of energy (motion, heat, sound), and the other column said "How do we know it's that form?" This was a fascinating discussion, with lots of concern about the names of forms of energy and when to distinguish things as different forms or lump them together.

Regarding names, teachers kept asking what the "scientific" names were, which names they should use, and whether it was OK for their kids to use certain names. There was definitely a sense of deferring to authority: they wanted Eleanor to give them the ANSWER. Someone asked about the term mechanical energy, and Eleanor said that she doesn't find it useful and it's not in the standards. In response, one teacher talked about having to "sanitize" otherwise good curriculum that used that word. Most of this discussion was definitely in the realm of my category 1 - categorical.

Then they got into a great discussion about whether sound energy was the same or different from motion energy. There seem to be two threads of argument here: one about whether you can actually hear the sound - if it's too quiet to detect is it still sound energy? - which they resolve quickly (category 2 - evidence), and another about whether there is anything to sound other than the motion of molecules (category 3 - mechanism). Heather says to resolve this, they would need to find out whether sound travels in a vacuum. If it does, then sound energy is a different kind of energy than motion, because it can exist independently of the motion of air molecules. If not, it's not. Eleanor offers to set up the experiment during the coffee break, but then it turns out that the vacuum pump is broken, so she shows them a youtube video instead, demonstrating that if you put a bell in a bell jar and pump all the air out, you can't hear it anymore. After seeing this, at first most people want to say that sound energy is not a distinct form of energy, but after a long discussion with many meandering tangents, a discussion of how the air molecules are vibrating rather than actually going anywhere (category 3 - mechanism), and lots of discussion about the distinction between energy and objects, they conclude that the question of what's a separate category and what's not is really complicated!

UE2 - Teachers' Energy Framework (06/27/11)

On Monday afternoon, Hunter asked the teachers to come up with what he called an 'Energy Framework' (EF), a collection of questions they would like answered when talking about energy in a certain scenario. As an example, Hunter brought up the 'Car Framework,' and teachers volunteered: mode, make, color, number of doors, etc. Going back to the EF, Hunter mentioned "What form of energy is there?", "Where is the energy located?", and "How does it transform", as useful questions to have in their EF.
Once the activity was over, we were able to take pictures of the whiteboards the teachers had
written on, and compiled their questions on the following table:




(You can download the full file from here: files.me.com/easo/dp44bk ; password: EnergyProject)

It is very interesting to see how Hunter's suggested questions were used either as questions in their own EFs, or as 'parent questions' that helped the teachers come up with more detailed questions about the situation ("if it transforms, where, how, and maybe why?"). Most of the groups felt satisfied with the the EF very quickly, and proceeded to talk about other school-related issues, like the presence of energy in the curriculum.
I was observing Table 3 (Meg, Charlene, Michelle), and this is the progression of how the EF was built:
  1. They repeated Hunter's questions to each other, decided on whether they were valuable or not, and, if they were, proceeded to write them down on the board. Once they had covered all of his questions, they started asking more detailed questions, like "Where did the energy come from?", or "What evidence do we have of either of the above questions?"
  2. The conversation about the EF was put on hold on hold for a while, and they started talking about how, and when, Energy was taught in their schools, and the amount of resources available for them to teach it (kits, lesson plans, activities).
  3. After they all went around the table explaining how things were done in their schools, they came back to the energy question they had written down and revised them, adding some more questions.
I do wonder about how the teachers are using the EF, though, because when they were analyzing Hunter's "dropping the basketball" scenario, it seemed like they were just plowing through the questions, and didn't seem to be paying much attention the 'evidence' that pointed to their answers. For example, a very common form of energy that came up was 'chemical energy', which was present when Hunter was holding the ball before letting it go. But it seemed to me like they never took the time to explain why there was 'chemical energy', or if the 'chemical energy' that Hunter used to lift the ball had actually transformed into 'gravitational potential energy' (a term that didn't come up in tables 3 or 7), etc.

Forms of Energy Part 2 - why don't we already have a name for this stuff?

Krishna asked me yesterday what physicists call "phase energy" and I gave him our standard answer: In thermodynamics, they call it "internal energy," which I guess is OK, but not terribly descriptive or helpful, since this phrase could also be applied to a lot of other stuff. The closest term we have is "latent heat," but this is actually the change in phase energy, not the phase energy itself. Maybe we should call it "latent energy."

Then he asked me another question that really got me thinking: Why don't physicists have a name for phase energy? How have we managed to get by for all these centuries without naming it?

My guess is that it's because we normally talk about phase changes in the context of thermodynamics, where thinking about forms of energy is just not part of the model.

I recently read a pair of papers about the relationship of forms of energy and thermodynamics:
Kaper, W.H. and M.J. Goedhart (2002), "'Forms of energy', an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics? Part I". International Journal of Research in Science Education 24 (1), 81-95.
Kaper, W.H. and M.J. Goedhart (2002), "'Forms of energy', an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics? Part II". International Journal of Research in Science Education 24 (2), 119-137.
Apparently in the 80's the British Department of Science and Education decided that school kids shouldn't learn about forms of energy at all because this language is technically incorrect in all sorts of ways (e.g. you can't really separate spring energy from thermal energy once the spring is deformed), and it is subsumed by thermodynamics, which is more technically correct. These papers address the question of whether it might be OK to introduce forms of energy as an intermediary language on the road to thermodynamics in the same way as we introduce classical mechanics as a lead-up to quantum mechanics even though it's technically not right.

Never mind that teaching school kids thermodynamics instead of forms of energy sounds completely insane in the same way that it would be insane to teach them quantum field theory instead of Newtonian mechanics. Aside from that, it seems to me that thermodynamics is just inadequate to describe things like balls rolling down hills and compressing springs (which is why physicists don't use it for this), because it doesn't make enough distinctions. Thermodynamics doesn't use forms of energy, not because we don't need them anymore once we've learned thermodynamics, because it only deals with a narrow range of situations where making all these distinctions isn't as relevant.

But maybe these distinctions actually are relevant. Thermodynamics textbooks always talk about refrigerators and Carnot cycles, but I've never met a physicist who felt that they actually understood how a refrigerator works. That is, until we started working on it. I felt that I understood a refrigerator for the first time when I saw Hunter's FFPERPS/FFPER talk in which he broke it down in terms of forms of energy, including phase energy. And I know I'm not the only one who had this reaction. Introducing phase energy provides a new window into what's actually going on in a refrigerator, even for those of us with PhDs in physics. It separates things that have been blurred together in our minds. It clarifies mechanism. It satisfies us in a way that our previous treatment can't.

So I want to make the argument that there is pedagogical value to introducing forms of energy into areas that we have previously treated only with thermodynamics, not just because inventing new terms is what scientists do and students should be able to do it too, but because these new terms actually help us to make distinctions that we were not able to make before.

Should this be the thesis of our phase energy PERC paper?

Tuesday, June 28, 2011

We'll make something up


During the first morning of Understanding Energy 2, Hunter shared some of the slides from his FFPER talk on Energy Theater with the returning participants. My sense is that he was aiming to be transparent about the broader Energy Project effort and also intending to remind the participants of the power of ET. He included the refrigerator analysis in his presentation, discussing the creation of the concept of "phase energy." This sets the stage for the clip that I am discussing, which is really very interesting on many levels. (Note that the video is of a different table, so you should mostly just focus on the audio.)

In the clip, it's clear that Margaret is concerned about the notion that the participants featured in Hunter's slides were just making stuff up. As she says early in the clip, "I know, we don't have any, we don't have understanding, we'll make something up. We'll call it phase energy." She goes on to raise the issue of whether or not it is real. The language she uses suggests that she perceives this whole construction as fake and perhaps nothing more than play. Without getting into too much detail, there is a sense throughout the clip that some of the teachers feel that there is a huge difference between their behavior in this professional development experience and the behavior of "experts" who have the authority to develop concepts and name things. Indeed, these teachers seem to feel that they are acting and making stuff up and that this is not the real world. The questions at the end of some of the teachers' statements may even suggest a lack of confidence and a deference to authority (Hunter). These attitudes and feelings are seemingly at odds with the Energy Project's efforts to foster teacher/learner empowerment.

I find it particularly interesting that the teachers can productively engage in such activities, articulate very clearly what they (and the so-called "experts") are doing, but still somehow separate what they are doing from what "experts" do. It will be interesting to see if such attitudes shift over the course of the week. Also, are there other interactions/discussions in which these same ideas become apparent?

Forms of energy - part 1 of many

There is a ton of interesting stuff happening in both classes on forms of energy. I'm a little overwhelmed by it all, but plan to get some of it down tomorrow. First, here's the background on what I've been thinking about going into this class:

We've been working for a while on writing a paper about teachers negotiating novel forms of energy (like phase energy). We know we've got some good stuff, but have been having trouble articulating our thesis. At the FFPER conference in Maine a couple weeks ago, Warren presented a poster on this topic and we got some great feedback from conference participants. Based on that, on the plane ride home, Rachel, Hunter, and I came up with something the following: People use at least three different epistemological frames when talking about forms of energy:
1) categorical - what general kind of a thing is this form about? e.g. thermal energy is the kind of energy that has to do with heat and temperature.
2) evidence-based - what is the evidence that we can actually observe that this form of energy is present? e.g. there's thermal energy because it's hot.
3) mechanism-based - what is physically happening in the system that is indicated by this form of energy, whether you can observe it or not? e.g. thermal energy means the molecules are moving faster.
We have observed that people tend to use these three frames at different times in conversation for different purposes, and we suspect that each is important, and that it's important to know which frame your students are in at any given moment so as to focus on the right thing in their conversation and not derail them by trying to help them correct something they've said "wrong" or missed because it's just not part of the frame they're in. We suspect that knowing about these frames could greatly improve formative assessment around forms of energy.

We have video data from a group of secondary teachers last summer inventing the term "phase energy" to describe the kind of energy that a gas has that a liquid doesn't. Early in the conversation, they use the term "thermal energy" to describe it. I get the sense that they know this term is wrong, but they use it as a placeholder, because they're focusing on mechanism (category 3), not names (category 1). Later in the conversation, after they've worked out the mechanism, they discuss what to name it, and there is no discussion of mechanism because they've worked it all out. It would be easy to look at the first discussion and say, "They're using the term thermal energy wrong, we need to correct them," but doing so would have derailed them from their productive conversation about mechanism. And it would be easy to look at the second discussion and say, "They're not talking about mechanism, just throwing out names!" without realizing that they've already talked about mechanism and that isn't the goal of this discussion anymore.

I think we've already seen lots so far this week to support these arguments, but will blog about that tomorrow.

Answering a question

Yesterday Hunter made a presentation about the Benchmarks, and said how "energy" is a very frequently used word in that document - more frequently used than "force," which is so important to us physicists.  Margaret had a pressing question about the distinction between energy and force. (Margaret is off camera.)

(I'll transcribe it tomorrow if I get a chance.)

Here is what was especially striking to me:  Margaret asked Hunter a direct question, and Hunter
1. asked if she wanted him to answer her question
2. when she said yes, answered it.
This is not how I was raised, you know?  But it felt sooo right.  It felt respectful and normal and actually urgent, that he should do that.  I noticed it strongly in the moment.  And it didn't cut off her learning; far from it; she has more questions at the end than she did at the beginning, but they are different questions.  The hope is that she sees Hunter as being on her side, rather than evading her.

In On Becoming a Person, Carl Rogers speaks explicitly about the resources that a teacher should make available to students.  One of these resources is the teacher's own expertise:
He would want them to know that his own way of thinking about the field, and of organizing it, was available to them, even in lecture form, if they wished.  Yet again he would want this to be perceived as an offer, which could as readily be refused as accepted.
I'm guessing this was the offer that Hunter was trying to make.

Ropes course

In UE2 yesterday Hunter reviewed Energy Theater by showing the teachers our now-classic Energy Theater presentation (the one with Brad in it), which we've given on many occasions in the last year.  Joe had a response I love.  (Sorry, the video is of another table, so just attend to the audio.)

Hunter:  Imagine yourself never having seen Energy Theater before, that video is supposed to give you a sense of, if Energy Theater were happening, what would it look like.
Joe:  It's got a ropes course leadership kind of element to it.
Hunter:  Why is that?
Joe:  Just like, the teamwork piece.
(Akbar?): The trust
Joe: It sounds a lot like people doing a ropes course -- "No wait you're supposed to stop hold on you get back over there bu-"  Just, how to communicate amongst a group of people who all have something to say.
First of all, I love that of all the things to say about Energy Theater, he would call out the teamwork piece.  I bet that's especially compelling for people who have done it a lot, rather than mostly thought about it (like me).  Second of all, I love that what he would identify as similar is the nature of the discourse.  "Ropes course leadership element" to him apparently means, "people talking to each other the way they do for a ropes course."  It seems subtly amazing to me, yet also totally natural, that we would identify completely different activities as being similar based on the kind of talking we do during them.

ffmpeg: Convert .MTS files

I finally found a reliable way to convert .mts files into a usable format. Unfortunately, it's rather geeky. First of all, I had to find a recent version of the video converter ffmpeg. It wasn't easy to find a pre-compiled ready-to-run version, so I had to compile that myself. And then, I couldn't find a graphical user interface for it. And, of course, I don't have the skills to write my own graphical user interface for it.

And that's why it's so geeky: It only runs on the command line. This will be really handy once we have a gazillion videos in a complex folder structure, and we want to convert all the videos in one run, using a shell script (yes, nerdy, but makes things SOO much easier...). Right now, it's a little bit of a PITA because it takes some getting used to the command line.

The good news: I already found a shell script that deals with the nasty command line interface of ffmpeg, so it's rather easy to do the conversion after a little introduction to the terminal. The bad news: the conversion seems to take a pretty long time. I'm currently converting video from yesterday (MPSP Summer Academy in Maine), and after about 2 hours, I have converted 20 minutes. I hope that on newer computers, this takes less long.

For the procedure, two files are needed, the "ffmpeg" binary and the "hdffxvrt" shell script. I can't upload those files here, so please email me if you would like to have them.

Here come the directions for the (somewhat automated) conversion:

First of all, you have to install a little program to your computer.

1. Save the attached files to your Desktop folder.
2. Open the Terminal app: Applications -> Utilities -> Terminal (terribly sorry for this, it gets geeky from here...)
3. Type in "cd Desktop" and then hit enter to change into the Desktop folder.
4. Type in "sudo cp ffmpeg /usr/local/bin" and hit enter.
5. Type in your password, followed by enter.
6. Type in "sudo chown root:wheel /usr/local/bin/ffmpeg" and hit enter.
7. Type in "sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/ffmpeg" and hit enter.

Now that the conversion program is installed, you can use the attached script to convert the .mts files. Here is how.

1. It's probably easiest to put all the files from one morning/afternoon/day into one folder, before you start the conversion.
2. Copy the file "hdffxvrt" into the same folder as the files that you would like to convert.
3. In the terminal, change into this folder using the "cd" command, e.g. "cd /Volumes/ExtHD/FolderWithVideoData" for an external hard drive that is called "ExtHD" and the data folder "FolderWithVideoData."
4. Run the script by typing "sh hdffxvrt *.mts" and hit enter. This will convert all the .mts files in the current folder into .mov files in the same folder.
5. After all the files in this folder are converted, you can delete the file "hdffxvrt" in this folder.

A few hours later (hopefully), you will have a bunch of nice QuickTime-readable .mov files in 1280x720. If you would like to have it in a different format, size, etc., you can use Handbrake for the subsequent conversion (or edit the shell script accordingly to save a step ;-) ).

Movist: Playing back .MTS files

Unfortunately, our new video cameras record in an even more weird format than the old ones. Since they're HD cameras, they record in the AVCHD standard, which ends up being H.264 video and AC3 audio in a .MTS container. While I'm still struggling to find a somewhat easy and accessible way to convert this file format into something more usable, Michael and I have found a free program that is able to play the .MTS files better than even VLC can. It's called Movist, and you can download it here: http://www.macupdate.com/app/mac/27642/movist

I will keep looking for a way to convert the .MTS files to .mp4 files, and post here as soon as I've found something.

Monday, June 27, 2011

Teacher-scholar relationships

Hunter started the day in UE2 by asking us to reflect, in writing, on what had been significant for us in our learning last summer, what had been significant during the academic year, and what our goals are for this week.  Here is what was radical:  Scholars sat at the tables with the teachers and did the same thing.  This was before anyone had been introduced to anyone else, except that Hunter had introduced himself.  After writing, we talked in our small groups, using our reflections as part of the material for introducing ourselves.  It was awesome.  The teachers said some stuff I was fascinated to hear (see SCREAM, below).  I went last, and I shared how transformative last summer had been for me in having the opportunity to observe and reflect on a rich learning environment for an extended time, with collaborators; and that I had spent the whole academic year poring over the video from last summer.  They burst out with "I remember you!  But now you're at the table with us!  It's so different!"  I loved it!  It was so spontaneous and direct.  I admitted that that had been strange, and shared that my goal for this year (which I had written!) is to interact with them more directly, to be a part of the class instead of pretending to be invisible, to have more of a relationship with them and be more a part of things instead of always separate.  It was such a relief.  We were laughing together about it.  They had a million questions.  It felt right.

It was very easy, as part of the ensuing large-group discussion, to have a similar transparency with the whole class -- to show them where the cameras are, explain why we wear headphones, describe what we're writing on our laptops and why, that kind of thing.  I feel like we gave them the opportunity to be understanding of us, to pitch in with us in our own learning, to be curious about what we do.  Krishna and Hunter and I were all offering our perspective on the research, and we probably talked too much; but it felt like a sort of "overgiving," if anything, which after last year is probably erring in the better direction.  If they shortly decide that they've heard enough from us already and want to get back to their own work, so much the better.

Day 1 - Joan/Christine and Differences between fieldnotes and content log

Blog Post – Recollections from Day One – Differences between content logging and taking field notes

Today is the first day of EPSRI and my first day back at SPU since last spring when I did my internship with the Energy Project. The big difference between what I’m doing now and what I did a year ago is that now everything is live. The teachers here than I am observing are really here, right in front of me, in live time. So in addition to me observing and reacting to them, they also can observe and react to me. I am no longer an invisible eye reviewing video taken at another time. The other difference that comes along with real time videotaping is that I am no longer able to stop and rewind. Things happen and keep on happening without waiting for me to catch up. Because of this taking field notes is slightly different and more difficult than the content logging I was doing last year. I think I will get better at knowing what sorts of things to write down in the fieldnotes, and, maybe more importantly, what things to leave out. Today I mostly tried to write down the dialogue I was hearing between the two teachers at the table I was observing, and occasionally I would jot down a note about their behavior. Tomorrow I want to try writing down less word-for-word dialogue (except when something particularly noteworthy is said) and try to focus more on summarizing what they’re saying – what they appear to want to be saying – and they’re behavior throughout the conversation. I also want to record more observations on my part as to what is going on in the room. I’ve now looked over the google doc with everyone else’s fieldnotes from the day, so now having taken a morning’s worth of notes of my own and comparing how I did it to how others did it I think I’m more informed to improve my notes tomorrow.

Another interesting aspect of the morning was tracking how the teachers felt about the microphone, the camera, and us videographers in the back pounding away on the keyboard. I was listening to Joan’s microphone and it seemed like she would go in and out of knowing that she was being listened to. Especially toward the beginning of the class she seemed to look over at me a few times and wonder what exactly I was typing. I think this was also caused because I was doing a whole lot of looking at her. I tried to look at her less and focus mostly on what I was hearing in the headphones while just checking back to the table every few seconds rather than a constant stare as I typed. I think Joan also got more comfortable throughout the morning with the idea of being observed (or else she just forgot).

One part of the morning that particularly stood out was the fieldtrip outside. At first Siri and I weren’t exactly sure if we were supposed to follow the teachers outside and continue filming. Eleanor prompted us to follow them out, so we picked up the cameras and went on foot. At first I couldn’t even find where my group had gone, but soon I saw them over by the parking lot. Unfortunately I didn’t realize that I could bring the headphones out with me, so I couldn’t really hear what they were saying, but the camera should still have been picking up the sound from the remote microphone. I should be able to go back later once the video is uploaded and watch the section again to hear the audio. There was a little bit of awkwardness (at least from my perspective) in filming them outside. I wasn’t exactly sure where to stand; I didn’t want to be intrusive, but I also didn’t want to be completely hidden. I ended up standing behind them and a little bit to the side. I don’t think they were expecting to be followed outside by the camera and I don’t know if Christine even knew I was there. Joan could see me with the camera since she was turned half way towards me most of the time. I tried to just stand quietly and hold the camera still, but it was a much different feeling than sitting in the back of the classroom with the camera sitting alone on the table. I suddenly seemed to have much more responsibility (or control) over the fact that they were being recorded, and that made me feel more awkward even though I could no longer hear their conversation so I really wasn’t intruding as much. After several minutes Joan and Christine decided they wanted to go back inside to begin to compile and make sense of everything they had seen outside. When they turned around to go back in Christine jumped a little (which is why I think she didn’t know I was filming), but I just tried to smile, say hi, and follow them back in. Christine did hold the door for me, so once she knew I was there she did seem at least partly comfortable with my being there. Back inside they returned to their table so I was able to set the camera back up, put on the headphones, and continue taking notes. Now that I could hear their conversation again and was a bit farther away in the back of the room I felt more comfortable again and I think they did too.

No other groups returned back to the room for a while. They used the whiteboard to “scribble,” as Christine called it, and get all their ideas out and where they could see them. Throughout the morning Christine kept referring to strategies like this that she wanted her students to use (such as having a title, writing your name, etc.). They discussed all the kinds of energy they saw outside and the different systems of transformation that energy takes. They focused in on the food chain and weather (or the water cycle) as two chains of transformation that energy takes. They tried to trace the track of energy from sun to wherever it ends (note: both these concepts of “beginning” and “end” of the story of energy came up later in the whole class discussion). Joan and Christine considered the “starting point” of energy to be from the sun and determined that there is light energy and heat energy from that source. They started their process of the food chain by describing the sun’s emission of light energy, leading to photosynthesis where light energy transforms into chemical energy. This chemical energy is then converted into kinetic energy and other forms when an animal or person eats that plant. Then when the animal or person dies their bodies decompose and they decided the energy is then used in the form of fossil fuels to run things such as cars.

They then discussed the water cycle and how the energy from the sun affects weather. They had a long discussion about the process of how water evaporates, forms clouds, rains and repeats, and also energy's role in that process. However, when they designed their final whiteboard they only included a short note that heat energy from the sun determines the weather, whereas they wrote up a full description of the food chain energy process.

Stepping back to the big picture again, another thing that stood out a few times today was humor. Both humorous things and the actual abstract idea of humor were brought up several times throughout the morning. There were specific people (as is usual in a group environment) who seemed more drawn to humor than others, especially Brian, but everyone seemed to appreciate a little laugh now and then. At table 3, which I was observing, Christine seemed to laugh a lot in little spurts, perhaps to deflect any awkwardness that comes from collaborating with someone you've never met before.

In general Christine was very focused on making the whiteboards very pretty and official. She seemed to enjoy writing on the whiteboard and making it look nice. She kept making comments about how students use whiteboards which suggests to me that she was really putting herself in the shoes of students she has taught.

Both Christine and Joan seemed equally willing to participate and contribute to their conversations. Often Christine would take on the role of scribe, while Joan would look on and approve (or not) of what she recorded. Joan almost always seemed to approve of what Christine wrote, but occasionally she had a different suggestion and would gently tell Christine as much. Joan seemed to take a little more of a leadership role in the talking, while Christine did so in the writing, but they did seem to keep their jobs fairly balanced between them. It will be interesting to see what the table layouts are tomorrow and how they will interact if they are sitting with other people.

Another discussion of note that Joan and Christine had was about looking at the big picture versus picking a specific focus. At the beginning of class when they were asked to pick a snippet of the Wallace and Grommet video and draw the energy story Joan and Christine didn't pick a specific moment but instead mapped out the bigger picture of the whole video. They were the last to present their whiteboard and they (at least Joan) noticed that everyone else had picked a much smaller segment to draw out which was different than the approach they had taken. Amongst the two of them they talked about the different advantages to taking a big picture approach versus and more focused approach. Christine pointed out that it's important to have a big picture take-home message that students can walk away with. At the same time it can be very informative to dig deeper into certain areas of that bigger picture to develop a better understanding overall. Both Christine and Joan identified themselves as learners that work from the big idea down to the small and this learning strategy was apparent in at least some of their discussions (particularly their discussion about the food chain and water cycle).

Now it's time for the meeting! More tomorrow.

First Day Impressions-- Understanding Energy 2

Usually, at this point, I should be looking in detail at a particularly interesting incident/video snippet from the morning session. However, due to some technical issues, we have no video data to review yet and we also don't have access to the field notes entered on ietherpad. In response, I will just spend some time reflecting on the doing videography for the first time and experiencing firsthand a professional development experience for elementary teachers that is very much unlike those in which I have personally been involved. Hopefully, this post will be useful for orienting other folks coming from similar backgrounds.

To be totally honest, I was overwhelmed (and still am, actually) by the large number of items (cameras, mics, receivers, headphone bases, headphones) that need to be functional, connected, and in place prior to data collection. A lot of stuff can go wrong... and does. I definitely now have a much greater appreciation for the level of technical expertise that is behind each short video clip presented in talks and papers. As I am writing this, it sounds as though the new video cameras are recording video in a format that has not yet been used and/or "heard of" (Thanks, Rachel!). I can also really see the benefit of having a special video-enabled instructional space to minimize some of the set-up and tear-down issues.

The participants in Understanding Energy 2 are returning elementary teachers who have participated in one of the two previous summer programs and, in some cases, evening sessions during the academic year. In an effort to facilitate more interactions between teachers and the EPSRI scholars, we sat with the teachers before the start of the session, chatting and getting to know them. Hunter started the course with having all of us (teachers and EPSRI scholars) respond to a few questions about learning/accomplishments in last summer's course, during the past academic year, and what we hoped to get out of participating in this year's course. We then discussed our writing with small groups of teachers and EPSRI folks. This really helped me gain more insight into just how much folks have gained from participation in this professional development experience in the past. The teachers were very upfront about what they felt worked and what they felt wasn't as helpful to them either personally or professionally (in their classrooms). There was some discussion about whether the value of the Energy Theater was more in the action or the choreography. One teacher mentioned that folks (particularly younger students) might shut down or tune out once they are, for example, chemical energy in a particular scenario. However, another teacher highlighted a personally transformative experience involving ET for light passing through acetates. I enjoyed having the opportunity to let the participants at my table know that this type of qualitative video research is all new to me.

During the whole class discussion, Rachel raised the fact that her goal was to foster more interaction between the participants and the videographers so that we could all learn from one another (and minimize the awkward barriers). This led to a very organic discussion in which there was quite a bit of conversation about the kind of research that was being done, the goals of that research, and how the teachers' contributions are so valuable to this effort and to pushing the PER community's thinking about these issues. I think this led to a very comfortable environment for both the teachers and the researchers.

Hunter made it clear from the start that he hoped to minimize, as much as possible, his role in setting the agenda for the week's program-- rather, it would be driven by the teachers. Even the timing of the lunch break was up for discussion. Hunter also started off by sharing some of the slides from his FFPER talk on the Energy Project and Energy Theater. I must confess that I was a bit surprised by this decision at first. Namely, it seemed like it would be easy to fall into a direct instruction mode and to perhaps disengage the teachers. However, Hunter kept things informal, encouraged discussion, gently reacquainted the participants with ET, and ultimately seemed to accomplish his goal (or at least what I think was his goal) of transparency (like Rogers). By providing the bigger picture about this professional development experience, he made it clear why the research was being conducted, how the (preliminary) findings were being used and shared, and just how instrumental the participants are in advancing the research and helping researchers and faculty gain insight into the learning and teaching of energy and professional development in general. I definitely feel that Hunter was bringing the teachers into the entire Energy Project (not just the professional development component) as partners-- not simply research subjects. By showing the participants firsthand the respectful manner in which the results are being disseminated and by fostering explicit discussion about the research component of the project, he helped set a tone in which the participants are excited to be a part of the effort and don't need to wonder how the data collected are used.

I have not yet had an opportunity to see the participants working through any energy scenario, so I think it is too early for me to reflect on the absence of printed worksheets and the impact of this choice on the learning experience. Thus far, though, I have been very impressed by the rich discussions I have witnessed about the transformative nature of the Energy Project professional development. I have also really appreciated the honesty of the teachers (which I would expect from returners) about how they thought ET was goofy at first but turned out to be extremely productive and rewarding for them.